Topic | Accession # | Description Summary |
Academic Affairs - Including Athletics: 1983-1995, Helman and Robinson Years | MU2020/4 | Presidential files encompassing the entire spectrum of Academic Administrative materials (1983-1996). Topics include but are not limited to: Faculty correspondence,supplemental materials for faculty meetings (1974-1975), Warren Garner's retirement, program adjustment for Home Economics and Office Administration, reports by Dean of Academic Affairs, Janina Traxler (BCA China), faculty evaluations, Commencement plans, the green ribbon pledge, HoosierBuckeye Conference materials, ProposedAthletic Conference 1987 – ICAC – the formation of the new Indiana CollegiateAthletic Conference, Departmentsand Divisions - HPER Department – Intercollegiate Sports 1986-1988 through 1992– correspondence including butnot limited to: behavior during Steve Alford games, HCW Hoosier Conference for Women, Indiana Collegiate Athletic Conference, 1992-1993, ICAC Conference, ICAC Constitution andBylaws, Minutes of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Amendments to theConstitution and Bylaws, etc. (For a more thorough list, link to the finding aid by clicking on accession number, middle column). See also: About 40 - 50 boxes of materials that had been stored in Calvin Ulrey Hall, were moved to the archives during 2019, when Calvin Ulrey was being renovated for office space. |
Blough, Carman | Faculty/Staff Boxes: Blough, Carman G. | Material related to Carman G. Blough. According to "A Century of Faith, Learning and Service," Carman taught Accounting at Manchester College from 1915 - 1917. |
Blough, S. S. | Faculty/Staff Boxes: Bough, S. S. | Material related to S. S. Blough. |
Buildings List | Buildings List | This is a somewhat dated list of building on campus but it shares some pertinent information. |
Chime | MC2002/43 |
The file contains news releases, articles, and a history.
"I know who played 'Pistol Packin' Momma' on the college chimes one spring midnight in 1944."
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Chinese Volumes: Sun Yat-sen, Wine Research | MC2011/94 Research | Archivist Jeanine Wine's research into the history of the Dr. Sun Yat-sen memorial books and how they came to President Winger and to Manchester College. |
Civilian Public Service Interviews | MC2012/33 | Photographs, periodicals, correspondence, audio recordings, video and VHS recordings of Manchester College students who, as conscientious objectors, served in Civilian Public Service projects during WWII. |
Civilian Public Service: Camp Bedford, Garver Papers | MC2003/343 | Correspondence regarding dance instruction controversy, "Concerns to Be Presented to BSC," correspondence between Earl Garver and Eldon Burke regarding monograph on Puerto Rico, collection of letters to the editor of The Bedford Bulletin and The Bedford Democrat regarding Camp Bedford, "Organization of Camp Bedford Government," "Qualifications for the Assistant Directorship," "Campers at Lyndhurst July 17, 1943" |
Civilian Public Service: Civilian Public Service Camp Publications, Garver Papers | MC2003/338 | CPS camp publications. Starvation experiment. For updates about the starvation experiment review the 1945 issues of the Gospel Messenger. |
Civilian Public Service: Photographs and Publications in the Francis Barr Collection | MC2011/233 | Civilian Public Service camps, photographs, publications and events, including but not limited to: - Pictures from Waldport, Camp #56, in Washington State.
- Holly Inn, Pinehurst, North Carolina. "May 15, 1945 - July 6, 1945, Room 302, "A Typical Pneumonia Guinea Pig Experiment.
- Starvation experiment of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene at the University of Minnesota, Angel Keys, Ph D., Director.
- The Reporter, Vol. V, No. 7, March 1947.
- The Compass, Summer and Fall, 1944.
- Smoke Jumper bi-annual.
For updates about the starvation experiment review the 1945 issues of the Gospel Messenger. |
Communinet | MC2002/79 | Communinet [Conference and Communications Coalition of Wabash County]. Newspaper articles. |
Convocation #176: Dilling, Yvonne, The Christian's Response to Current Central American Events, 1984 | Convocation Tape #176: Dilling, Yvonne | Yvonne Dilling, peace activist and 1979 Manchester College alumna, speaks on the U.S. government's policies in Central America, 8 October 1984. |
Cordier, Andrew | Faculty Staff Boxes: Cordier, Andrew | Material related to Andrew Wellington Cordier, Manchester College alumus,[Class of 1922]. |
Cordier, Andrew | MC2002/104f | Andrew Cordier materials. |
Cordier, Andrew | MC2002/154d | Andrew Cordier materials. |
Curriculum Review | MC2004/531 | Curriculum review: Leonard Williams Collection File | | 1 | Social Sciences Division 1991-92 | 2 | Student evaluation questions | 3 | Senior comprehensive examinations | 4 | Faculty Executive Committee 1998-99 | 5 | Honors Committee 1987-89 | 6 | Faculty Workshop 1999 | 7 | Faculty survey, presidential search | 8 | Advisory Council, 1989 | 9 | Curriculum review 1993-94 | 10 | Curriculum review 1993-94 | 11 | Curriculum review 1993-94 | 12 | Student Senate Constitution committee | 13 | Freshman experience, including preliminary information on FYC | 14 | Presidential Search Committee | 15 | Academic Dean Search Committee | 16 | Human Diversity Committee |
Also see: Academic Affairs: Manchester College Bulletin October 1977 p.3-4. |
Eberly, William: Office Files | MU2014/107 | Materials from Bill Eberly's files that describe his educational history, the development of Manchester's Environmental Science and public school educational programs, the history of Koinonia, syllabi, student notes (confidential), research data on Indiana and other lakes, Cordier biographical material, Indiana history, and Manchester College quips. |
Financial Affairs: Reports | MU2012/100a,b | Confidential materials are within this collection from the department of Financial Affairs - including but not limited to: - 1983 - Confidential Report to the Committee on Higher Education 30 January 1985
- 1986 - Confidential Report to the Committee on Higher Education - 5 February 1986.
- Comparisons for FY 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982.
- Council for Independent Colelges - Carnegie Program - Federal Government Revenues % Educational and General Expenditures 1980 - 1981.
- The President's Report to the Board of Trustees" - 1985, 1986.
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Food Service: The Oaks | MC2002/108b | Food Service Records |
Food Service: The Oaks, Photographs | MC2003/368 | Photographs pertaining to "The Oaks" in it's various locations through the decades. History of the various locations ot "The Oaks." |
Forensics | MC2001/110 | Detailed description of two Forensics boxes filled with materials. Included are newspaper articles, scrapbook, manuscripts from oratorical contests written by MC students: Fujii, Butler, Thomas, Childs, Dye, Mendenhall, Hoffman...and much, much more. |
Foundations and American Organizations: Helman Years | MU2020/12 | Foundations and American Organizations associated with Manchester College during Helman's years as president. |
Funderburg Library: Succession of Library Directors and Their Titles | MC2012/90 | A history of Library Directors at Manchester College from 1889 - 2012. |
Garver Hall: Newsletter, 1970 | MU2014/112 | "The Dorm Reporter," 20 April 1970 - newsletter and historical document of the Officer's Organizational Meeting of Northeast Hall (now Garver Hall). |
Government, Community | MC2009/18 | Manchester College Community Government: Handwritten ledger for school year 1949 - 1950 through school year 1960 - 1961, listing income and expenses. |
Helman, A. Blair Papers: Student Unrest, Ken Brown, 1971 | MC2004/306 | Kenneth Brown, Religion and Philosophy: Protests On 13 May 1969, a mass marriage ceremony and tent-in took place on the Manchester College campus. The purpose was to initiate a "change in attitude...tak[ing] the form of students assuming freedom and responsibility in determining the direction of their lives." |
Helman, A. Blair Papers: Testimony | MC2004/298 | "Testimony at the Hearing of the Subcommittee on Education, Arts, and Humanities of the Senate labor and Human Resources Committee," dated 9 September 1985. "Testimony before The Intergovernmental Advisory Council on Education," dated 20 September 1984. "Reaction to Update of Indiana Plan at Governor's Conference for University Trustees," dated 9 January 1986. |
Helman: Presidental Correspondence, Administrative Finance, Dean's Correspondence | MU2020/6 | Helman correspondence, CONFIDENTIAL Student Affairs materials (1964-1976), newsletters and programs related to the Manchester Ambassadors, a group whose focus is estate planning (1966-1975), CONFIDENTIAL files from the Director of Deferred Giving and Special Gifts (1969-1977), files of the Public Relations, Deferred-Giving Committee. Administrative finance concerns campaign preparedness studies, pay raises, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, the Equitable Life Assurance Society, and comprehensive business insurance [For a more detailed list, click on accession number, middle column, to link to the finding aid]. Files from the Dean - span the very end of Schwalm’s career as president (Spring 1956), forward. |
Holl, Carl Waldo: Memorabilia | MC2004/279 | Carl Waldo Holl: Memorabilia |
Independent Study Papers: Political Science | MC2012/78a-h | Papers: Political Science. |
Jones, Dorothy | BC2012/2 | A travelogue probably written by Dorothy Jones, Administrative Assistant to M. R. Zigler, Director ot the European Program of the Berthren Service Commission. This trip was taken by 5 women and Dorothy describes their excursion through various European cities and countries directly following WWII. This is an interesting documentary of culture, food, place and custom. |
Justiniano Collection: Memorabilia 1950-1954 | MC2007/34 | Myrtis Becker Justiniano 's (MC Class of 1954) collection of Manchester College memorabilia, including May Day 1953. |
Kinsel, Paul: Collection | MC2011/229 | Memorabilia belonging to student, Paul Kinsel,. The collection reflects his 1928 - 1929 through 1931 - 1932 college experience. |
Manchester College 1993: Video | MU2013/67 | Scenes from Manchester College during 1993, including Steve Alford, Jane Henney, and 1993 commencement exercises. Faculty and students are interviewed. Andy Murray receives an honorary degree during commencement. |
Manchester College: Financial Records | MC2007/200 a,b,c,d,e | Audited Financial Statements for U. S. Government Financial Aid Programs and Internal Accounting and Administrative Controls and Compliance. |
Miller, Ed and Martha: Collection of Programs and Memorabilia | MU2013/86 | Handmade programs and memorabilia for MC clubs and organizations circa the 1950's. Photographs and identification of 1953 May Day Queen, Jean Childs Young and Court. Programs from Home Economics events (1950's). Oak Leaves issue announcing MC's Cherry Princess candidates. 1991 and 1992 issues of the Manchester College "Bulletin." Photos from May Day 1956. Copy of "The Acorn," 25th year edition. |
Miller, Edith Alice Collection | MC2008/208 | Much more material than can be described. Please go into the accession page to read Scope and Contents. The collection includes the following but is vastly larger: Obituaries, information on the Shull children, photograph of son of Moy Gwong, "Memory Speaks, North Manchester Celebrates Its First 150 Years," program for play written by Dr. Charles Boebel, article from "The Noble County American," Albion, Indiana, Thursday, June 24, 1982, pg. 7 regarding the Potawatomi Chief Simon Pokagon, Last Chief of the Potawatomies, personal information about Edith Alice Miller, letter by Otho about his wife's, Ida's death, and Class of 1926 Information, as saved by Edith Miller. For more information on Edith Alice Miller see West Manchester Church of the Brethren. |
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) | MC General File: Non-Governmental Organization | Manchester College's NGO status. |
Peace: Relief and Rehabilitation Activities April 1943 - Spring 1947 | MU2013/121 | A documented paper and timeline describing the Manchester College Involvement in Relief and Rehabilitation Activities Following World War II. It begins with the Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Project announced by Lewis Hershey, Director of Selective Service, and mentions Manchester College as the site of one of the training side camps for Conscientious Objectors. |
Peters, J. Everett and Madonna:: Collection of Photoraphs and Memorabilia | MU2014/111 | Class reunion pictures of the Class of 1931, photograph of the 1931 Manchester College graduating class, picture of the 1930-1931 MC Women's Student Government, and other pieces of memorabilia. |
Petersime, Ray Child Care Foundation | MU2021/17 | Photographs and materials related to Ray Petersime's work with the Child Care Foundation (CCF). |
Petersime, Ray: Poland and Post WWII Relief | MU2021/9 | Documents related to Ray Petersime's May 1946 trip to Poland where he delivered hatching eggs to a war torn population, and Petersime's subsequent European relief activities (February 1946 to May 1948). |
Photographs 1958 - 1962 | MC2012/48 | A collection of photographs representing residence life, May Day events, A Cappella Choir, religious life, classes and athletics at Manchester College circa 1958 - 1959 - 1960 - 1961 - 1962. |
Portraits: Holl and Kintner | MC2011/148a,b | The Holl-Kintner Hall of Science was constructed during the first phase of the March of Progress fundraising campaign was named in honor of Professors Holl and Kintner. These portraits were located in the lobby of Holl-Kintner Hall of Science. |
Public Relations: Collection | MU2014/143 MP4 videos and DVDs | Informational files, news clippings, publications, CDs, DVDs and VHS tapes from the Public Relations Office, various years from 2001 - 2013. Topics include but are not limited to: Jim Adams, teaching awards, dedication College of Pharmacy, Switzer to retire and receives leadership honor, Jennifer Shepherd, Andrea Murray, Eel River watershed, Blair and Pat Helman memorial info, Yom HaShoah, Stacey Morgan, Rainn MacPhail, Beth Sweitzer Riley, Jerry Sweeten, LaFountain Mural, A Cappella tour, Science Center dedication, Switzer inauguration, fire, CASE Professor of the Year, |
Schutz, J. Raymond | MC2011/227, Folders 1 - 16 | J. Raymond Schutz - a man of many capabilities. He was a professor at Manchester College, husband, father and farmer, public speaker, pastor and minister of the First Brethren Church in North Manchester, Indiana, candidate for Congress in 1932 (Indiana) and a contendor in the 1936 race for Governor. The researcher can get a feel for Pre WWII Indiana and Indiana during war. Letters to soldiers are included as well as the names of men from North Manchester who were killed in the war. Topics include: Prohibition, economic recovery from the Great Depression, and the impact of Hitler 's Germany on Europe. Schutz was a contemporary with Andrew Cordier who participated in some of Schutz's political involvements. |
Schutz, J. Raymond | MC2011/227, Folders 45 - 83 | A large collection designated as MC2011/227 and divided into 5 folder groupings; [1-16], [17-22], [23-44], [45-83]. Schutz was a professor at Manchester College, as well as a farmer, public speaker, pastor, candidate for Congress (Indiana,1932) and a contendor in the 1936 Governor's race. He was a Kiwanis Club official and Chairman of the Standard Life Insurance Company of Indiana. The collection describes Indiana before and during WWII. Schutz corresponds with soldiers and provides names of North Manchester men killed in combat. Topics of import include; prohibition, economic recovery from the Great Depression, and Hitler's impact on Europe. Schutz was a contemporary of Andrew Cordier who participated in some of Schutz's political involvements. |
Schutz, Raymond: Congress Campaign Poster | MC2009/81 | Poster: "SHUTZ RALLY!, J. Raymond Schutz, Republication Candidate for Congress."
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12.5" x 19" poster with head shot of J. Raymond Schutz. Professor Schutz taught English, French, Sociology, and Debating at Manchester College from 1919 - 1939.
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Schwalm, Vernon: Correspondence Folders 105 - 143 | MC2006/13: Schwalm's Confidential Files - Folders 105 - 143 | A great deal of material including but not limited to: Correspondence surrounding Schwalm's trip to Nigeria, including letters to and from missionaries and interaction with the Foreign Mission Commission of the Church of the Brethren General Brotherhood Board. Issues regarding the Mexico Indiana Old Folks Home and Schwalm's leadership in the creation of Timbercrest. Many drafts of presentations as well as completed speeches, articles, and sermons by Vernon Schwalm, including an address given in the fall of 1923 at Manchester College, the year the Academy was eliminated. Schwalm gives a brief history of the institution. Addresses presented by outside speakers on the Manchester College campus. |
Schwalm, Vernon: Correspondence Folders 21-44 | MC2006/13: Schwalm's Confidential Files - Folders 21- 44 | The materials in these folders were identified, probably by Schwalm, as "confidential files." They contain personal, College, and Church of the Brethren related correspondence. |
Schwalm, Vernon: Correspondence Folders 62-104 | MC2006/13: Schwalm's Confidential Files - Folders 62-104 | Correspondence bidding Schwalm farewell as he leaves Manchester College as Dean and heads west as President of McPherson College in Kansas. Letters of congratulation and support and appreciation regarding his great ability. The return of Schwalm to Manchester College as President and materials related to his inaugural event. Also, The Church of the Brethren celebrates its 250th anniversary, Schwalm gives tribute to Carl Holl, Manchester College experiences challenges during WWII. Correspondence between Schwalm and students in Civilian Public Service and students in the military. Schwalm works with the Board of Trustees, and faces staff and student issues. Schwalm's retirement and gift from the Board of Trustees offering theSchwalms a trip to Europe and Africa. Career following retirement and dedication of Schwalm Hall. Materials surrounding, "My Educational Pilgrimage," by Schwalm and a look into Schwalm's life following his presidency. A small collection on the history of Manchester College. Various writings by Schwalm including but not limited to the drafts, "College Life Since World War II," "Christian Higher Education in the Church of the Brethren at Mid Century," and "The Development of the Sciences at Manchester College." Correspondence with A. Blair Helman. |
Schwalm, Vernon: Correspondence with Andrew Cordier | MC2006/13: Schwalm's Confidential Files | Decades of correspondence between Vernon Schwalm and Andrew Cordier. Cordier gives detailed accounts of behind-the-scenes activity at the United Nations during the Cold War, and the reader can watch the situation in the Congo unfold. Cordier's role in the Cuban missile Crisis is described to Schwalm as are events on the Columbia University campus during a period of student uprising in the the 1960's. Cordier is always in the thick of things and his descriptions of political figures and events are intriguing. |
Social Science Core I and II, History and Political Science | MU2013/153, Folders 1 - 56 with Special Problems and Independent Study Papers A - Y | Social Science Core I and II materials (circa1969-1976), History and Political Science, and Special Problems (1961-1983). |
Sollenberger, Howard | MU2017/28 | Material related to alumnus, Howard Sollenberger. |
Stein, John W. : Mount Morris College, President | MC2003/119 | Mount Morris President J. W. Stein papers: - In 1881, J.W. Stein, then president of Mt. Morris College, disappeared mysteriously, leaving behind his wife and children.
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Student Budget Board: Photograph | MC2004/408: Student Budget Board | This photograph of the Student Budget Board, photo #80, is part of a larger collection titled Aurora Photograph Collection 2001, MC2004/408.
See also: Student Government. |
Student Development: Student Government, Student Budget Board | MC2003/13 | Student Budget Board Minutes Collection |
Student Development: Student Government, Student Budget Board Statistics | MC2003/15 | Student Budget Board statistics. |
Student Development: Student Personnel Services Committee Collection | MC2004/525 | Student Personnel Services Committee Collection: File 1 contains information on committee appointments, community court, subcommittee on international student life, housing. File 2 contains information on orientation, visitation policy, subcommittee on women's affairs. |
Student Government | Student Government: Additional Information | For more information related to "student government," see: Committees Student Life Committee, Illegal Activities; Oak Leaves 12 December 1963 p.1, 3; 19 December 1963 p.2, 3; 23 January 1964 p.1, 2; 30 January 1964 p.1, 2, 3; 6 February 1964 p.1, 2; 14 May 1964 p.1, 4; 24 September 1964 p.3; 1 October 1964 p.2; 15 October 1964 p.1; 4 February 1965 p.1; 11 February 1965 p.2, 3; 18 February 1965 p.1, 4; Photo Box 73. |
Student Government, 2 | Large Box 117 | Materials related to student government. |
Student Government: Articles of Organization | MC2002/315 | Student Government Articles of Organization from 1963, 1969, 1980. |
Student Government: Black and Gold, Student Handbook | MC2004/498 | Black and Gold Student Handbook Collection. These handbooks were produced by the Student Council. |
Student Government: Community Council | Oak Leaves | For Community Council see: Oak Leaves 22 September 1960 p.1; 29 September 1960 p.1; 6 October 1960 p.1; 20 October 1960 p.1; 27 October 1960 p.1; 10 November 1960 p.1; 17 November 1960 p.1 |
Student Government: Community Council | MC2003/241 | Community Council minutes, 1947 - 1981. |
Student Government: Community Court Records: CONFIDENTIAL | MC2003/31 | Student Government: Community Court Records - CONFIDENTIAL |
Student Government: Judicial Board | Large Box 99 | Judicial Board materials. |
Student Government: Records | MC2002/261 | Student Government records. |
Student Government: Student Council Minutes, 1948 - 1949 | MC2009/19 | Student Council: Minutes 1948 - 1949. |
Student Government: Student Senate | MC2003/240 | Student Senate Minutes, 1990-2002. |
Student Senate: Photograph | MC2004/408: Student Senate | The Aurora Student Senate photograph #72 is part of the larger collection, MC2004/408.
See Also: Student Government. |
Tagawa, Toyohiko: Photograph | Small Box 66: Kagawa Photograph | Kagawa: The photograph that appears on page 116 of the book, "A Century of Faith, Learning and Service, Manchester College. " In 1936 the College hosted a major conference called "An Institute on Christian World Order," featuring Japanese peace activist Toyohiko Kagawa. A biographical sketch by James E. Kiefer about Toyohiko Kagawa can be found on the internet. http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/143.html |
Van Der Weele, Wayne | MC2010/28 | Numerous programs, photographs, publications and items of interest about Manchester College received from Wayne Van Der Wheele, alumnus, MC Class of 1949. Manchester Symphony Orchestera, programs from the 1940's. One copy of "Manifesto," Vol. 1, No. 14, "Above All Nations is Humanity," April 1947, published monthly by the journalism section of Students for Federal World Government of Manchester College, Editor in chief, Cecil Powell. |
Vice President: Box 9 | Vice President's Box #9 | Materials from the Office of the Vice President of Manchester College. |
Weimer, Harry | MC2001/1 | Harry Weimer materials involving the Manhattan Project. |
Weimer, Harry | MC2007/91 | Harry Weimer family collection including family reunion and class reunion photos of Mrs. Harry Weimer. |
Weimer, Orpha and Harry Collection: Manchester College Experience, 1927 | MC2011/189 | Below is a small representation of this collection's holdings. See the accession page for a more extensive list of photographs and memorabilia: "The Speaker of Tau Kappa Alpha, Golden Anniversary, 1908 - 1958," Vol. XL, No. 3, March, 1958, a booklet published four times a year. Tau Kappa Alpha is a speech fraternity. Orpha Jackson Weimer's scrapbook from her senior year of college, 1926-1927 including: - Ditch Day, May Day, Freshman - Sophomore water fight, graduating Class picture, athletic competitions, Senior Banquet, nature hikes, Philophronian and Philalethean memorabilia, May Day Court with Queen, Mother's and Daughter's Banquet, and Commencement week program for 1927.
- Picture of shelved cans at the Weimer Canning Factory in North Manchester.
- Manchester College marching band.
Group photograph of MC male students. Female student in MC Chemistry library. Photograph of football team, presumably circa early 1920's. Photograph of Manchester College Philophronian members in the summer of 1923. |
Weimer, Robert and Harry: Photographs | MC2007/89 | Photographs of Dr. Harry Weimer, Dr. Carl Holl and students and faculty of Manchester College (1938 - 2005). |
Weimer: Harry and Robert | MC2007/90 | Robert Weimer: Kappa Mu Epsilon certificate and photo of first Kappa Mu Epsilon group, 1950 (photo includes MC alumnus, Robert Weimer). Materials also related to Manchester College alumnus, Dr. Harry Weimer. |
Winger, Otho: Peace, Temperance, and Tobacco | MC2006/13: File Folder Case - Peace and Temperance | What appear to be President Otho Winger's files on Alcohol and Tobacco which he labeled "Peade and Temperance." Some of the materials were addressed to Mrs. Oscar Winger, his brother's wife. |
Winger, Otho: Reports to State, Church, General | MC2006/13: File Folder Case - Reports: State, Church, General | A varied collection of Otho Winger materials containing a variety of information, including but not limited to: Reports made to the Church of the Brethren and to the government,Carl Burt being offered a job, a listing of salaries. |
Women's Issues, Women's Rights | MC General File: Women's Issues | Reference to the 1948 amendment to the Manchester College student council constitution permitting a woman to be student president. |
Work Camp: Photographs | MC2007/108 | Work Camp photo montage of Church of the Brethren Youth at European Work Camp Following WWII. |
Young, Menno and Viola: Collection 1898 - 1924 | MU2014/82 | A collection of Manchester College and Church of the Brethren materials belonging to Menno and Viola (Rau) Young, who attended Manchester during 1898-1899. Materials range from 1898 to 1924. |